Alan Grafen's model of biological signals as handicaps. The companion cites it, with Zahavi and with Maynard Smith and Harper, for the principle that animal signals stay honest when they are costly to fake or, as indices, impossible to fake. A digital signature is such an index, so cryptography makes honest identity cheap but not honest intent.
- Cited in
- the companion paper
- Used for
- Strand
- Ecology: energetics, niches & interactions
Cite
@article{grafen1990biological,
title = {Biological signals as handicaps},
author = {Alan Grafen},
year = {1990},
journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
doi = {10.1016/S0022-5193(05)80088-8},
}